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Latin from scratch course › #9: Possessives and personal pronouns › #9.18: Possessives

Latin from scratch #9.19: Personal pronouns

In the nineteenth class of the Latin from Scratch course, we’ll study the morphology and syntax of the personal pronouns. Just like in the possessives, we don’t have specific 3rd person non-reflexive pronouns because demonstratives are used instead.

Contents

  • Morphology
  • Syntax
    • The 3rd person pronoun

I explain everything in the following video (⏳ 12m 43s ⌛):

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Morphology

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They are quite similar to the personal pronouns you can find in Romance languages such as Spanish.

 1st singular1st plural2nd singular2nd plural3rd person
Nom.ĕgo᷈nōstūvōs—
Acc.mēnōstēvōssē(sē)
Gen.mĕīnŏstrŭm, -ītŭīvĕstrŭm, -īsŭī
Dat.mĭhi᷈nōbīstĭbĭvōbīssĭbĭ
Ab.mē(cum)nōbīs(cum)tē(cum)vōbīs(cum)sē(cum)

Syntax

Even if you’re familiar with Romance language, pay attention to the following features, which may differ.

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In Latin, pronouns have number and case, but they never have gender. The 3rd person pronoun doesn’t mark number (it can be either singular or plural).

The genitive of vos can appear as vostrum, vostri instead of vestrum, vestri (classical). More ancient or archaizing authors are the ones using these o forms.

The genitives nostrum and vestrum are used as partitive genitive (e.g. quis nostrum? ‘who of us?’); on the other hand, nostri and vestri are used as adverbal genitives (e.g. miserere nostri ‘take pity on us’).

When the preposition cum is used with personal pronouns, it actually works as an enclitic postposition: not cum me, but mecum. It works like this with all the persons.

Some particles such as ‑met, ‑te and ‑pte may appear to express emphasis: egomet ‘I myself’. They’re not frequent in the most common texts.

The 3rd person pronoun

Once again, the 3rd person pronoun se is reflexive: it refers to the subject of the sentence (that is also why there is no nominative form: it wouldn’t make sense). It marks no gender or number.

Alexander vix a se manum abstinuit.

Alexander barely moved away (his) hand from himself.

So when the 3rd person non-reflexive pronoun is required (frequently to be the subject), the demonstratives is, ea, id or ille, illa, illud are used.

Vos vincietis; illi fugient.

You will win; they will flee.

That’s enough to go practice some more with texts. We still need to study more about the 3rd person non-reflexive, which will be in the class about demonstratives.

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Next: Personal pronouns →

Paco Álvarez

About Paco Álvarez

I’m Paco Álvarez, a Spanish classical philologist. For years I’ve been teaching Latin and Greek online to Spanish students. When I saw there was nothing like my AcademiaLatin.com for English-speaking Latin lovers, I decided to create it myself, and that’s how LatinFromScratch.com was born.

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Course content

  1. Quick start
  2. Introduction
  3. Cases and their functions
  4. The five declensions
  5. First declension
  6. Verbal conjugation
  7. Present tense
  8. Second declension
  9. 2-1-2 adjectives
  10. Imperfect past tense
  11. Future tense
  12. Third declension nouns
  13. Third declension adjectives
  14. Perfect past tense
  15. Adverbials of place
  16. Fourth declension
  17. Fifth declension
  18. Pluperfect tense
  19. Possessives
  20. Personal pronouns
  21. Apposition
  22. Predicative complement
  23. Present subjunctive
  24. Imperfect subjunctive
  25. Perfect subjunctive
  26. Perfect future indicative
  27. Pluperfect subjunctive
  28. Syntax of cum
  29. Syntax of ut & ne
  30. Comparison of adjectives
  31. Superlative adjectives
  32. Adverbs from adjectives
  33. Demonstratives
  34. Relative clauses
  35. Passive voice
  36. Deponent verbs
  37. Relative time
  38. Participles: morphology
  39. Participles: syntax
  40. Infinitives
  41. Compounds of sum
  42. Irregular verbs
  43. Imperative

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