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Latin from scratch course › #3: Imperfect and future › #3.10: Future indicative

Latin from scratch #3.10: The active indicative future tense

In the tenth class of the Latin from Scratch course, we’ll study the future indicative in the active voice (to be precise, imperfect future). This tense rarely appears in history, but it is used in other types of texts.

Contents

  • Morphology of the Latin future indicative
    • The future of the 1st and 2nd conjugations, and the verb sum
    • The future of the 3rd, mixed and 4th conjugations

I explain everything in the following video (⏳ 09m 24s ⌛):

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Morphology of the Latin future indicative

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This tense is quite tricky, since we actually have two different types of conjugation: one for the 1st and 2nd conjugations and another one for the 3rd, mixed and 4th. Both have disappeared in romance languages.

The future of the 1st and 2nd conjugations, and the verb sum

In the 1st and 2nd conjugations (and the verb sum), the thing is rather simple, as long as we don’t mix it with the imperfect.

  1. present stem
  2. future morpheme b
  3. variable ĭ/ŭ (when necessary: see below)
  4. active endings
  • ĭ in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular and 1st and 2nd plural
  • ŭ in the 3rd person plural
1st conjugation2nd conjugationsum
amabo
amabis
amabit
amabimus
amabitis
amabunt
monebo
monebis
monebit
monebimus
monebitis
monebunt
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt

(underlined vowels are variable vowels)

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The future of the 3rd, mixed and 4th conjugations

In the conjugations 3rd, mixed and 4th, the thing is a bit harder and it can look like the present subjunctive.

  1. present stem
  2. future morpheme ă/ē (see below)
  3. active endings
  • ă is only used in the 1st person singular
  • ē is used in all the other persons
3rd conjugationmixed conjugation4th conjugation
ducam
duces
ducet*
ducemus
ducetis
ducent
capiam
capies
capiet*
capiemus
capietis
capient
audiam
audies
audiet*
audiemus
audietis
audient

* a phonetic law shortens the vowel in the 3rd person singular: ducēt > ducĕt, etc.

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That’s all we need to know about the future tense. Now let’s practice with some analysis and translation!

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Next: Imperfect past and future indicative →

Paco Álvarez

About Paco Álvarez

I’m Paco Álvarez, a Spanish classical philologist. For years I’ve been teaching Latin and Greek online to Spanish students. When I saw there was nothing like my AcademiaLatin.com for English-speaking Latin lovers, I decided to create it myself, and that’s how LatinFromScratch.com was born.

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Course content

  1. Quick start
  2. Introduction
  3. Cases and their functions
  4. The five declensions
  5. First declension
  6. Verbal conjugation
  7. Present tense
  8. Second declension
  9. 2-1-2 adjectives
  10. Imperfect past tense
  11. Future tense
  12. Third declension nouns
  13. Third declension adjectives
  14. Perfect past tense
  15. Adverbials of place
  16. Fourth declension
  17. Fifth declension
  18. Pluperfect tense
  19. Possessives
  20. Personal pronouns
  21. Apposition
  22. Predicative complement
  23. Present subjunctive
  24. Imperfect subjunctive
  25. Perfect subjunctive
  26. Perfect future indicative
  27. Pluperfect subjunctive
  28. Syntax of cum
  29. Syntax of ut & ne
  30. Comparison of adjectives
  31. Superlative adjectives
  32. Adverbs from adjectives
  33. Demonstratives
  34. Relative clauses
  35. Passive voice
  36. Deponent verbs
  37. Relative time
  38. Participles: morphology
  39. Participles: syntax
  40. Infinitives
  41. Compounds of sum
  42. Irregular verbs
  43. Imperative

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